Ernest Bloch (b. Geneva 1880; d. Portland, Oregon 1959)
     Ernest Bloch's early studies took him from Geneva to Frankfurt to Munich and to Paris. He lectured on aesthetics at the Geneva Conservatory and in 1916 emigrated to the United States where he taught at the Mannes College of Music in New York. His works from 1911 to 1916, including his famous Schelomo, are Jewish-inspired both in subject and style.
     He was director of the Cleveland Institute of Music in 1920 and the San Francisco Conservatory in 1925. He returned to Europe in the 1930's and returned to the United States yet again in 1940 where he was influential as both teacher and composer.
     Bloch's Visions and Prophecies by its very title indicates a composer looking backward to the Old Testament, perhaps as solace for the turmoil around him (the martial rhythms and strident harmonies of his 1939 Piano Sonata are an example of Bloch's gaze planted firmly in the present). In Visions and Prophecies one can not only identify which movements are visions and which prophecies but to some extent can identify them with specific Bible figures.
     After the portentous introduction, *the modal scale clearly gives the work a "Jewish" color) the wailing melody evokes Jeremiah. The motionless twinkle of the second movement hints at the vision of Jacob's ladder. The harsh violence of the third summons up Micah reviling the sins of the tribes of Israel. The beauty and tranquility of the fourth movement prepares the way for the final movement, a complex war among all the conflicting motives, and ends with the eternity of the universe, unswayed by the passions and hatred which embroiled the world.
     Ex Voto, written in 1914, was a short and tender votive offering to his wife. The gently rocking rhythm evokes the Siciliano, a graceful folk dance, while the harmonies, beginning with bare fifths, slowly reach the warm chromaticism of the close.

Paul Ben-Haim (b. Munich 1897; d. Tel Aviv 1984)
     Paul Ben-Haim studied composition and conducting in Munich with Friedrich Klose and Walter Courvoisier. He fled Germany in 1933 and settled in Palestine where he assumed the name Ben-Haim from the original Frankenburger. He taught and conducted in Tel Aviv and by the '50's was recognized as a leading Israeli composer. His oeuvre covers many styles from the Romanticism of his early years to the large-scale orchestral and choral works inspired by Biblical themes (he was awarded Israel's State Prize for The Sweet Psalmist of Israel in 1957) to the Neo-classicism of his late years.
     Much as Bloch does, Paul Ben-Haim, in his Five Pieces for Piano makes use of rich Impressionistic colors and dabs of folk-like melody to recreate the sights and sound around him in pre-Israel Palestine. The Pastorale uses Mideast modes to depict a solitary flute in the desert. It is soon joined by another, whether in friendly or amorous dialogue is left to the listener.
     The Intermezzo makes of the same rocking Siciliano rhythm found in Ex Voto. The brilliance of the third movement summons up a sandstorm while the Canzonetta is a tender cradle song. The closing Toccata makes brilliant use of the repeated note ostinato common to almost all toccatas from Schumann to Ravel to Prokofiev. A sly hint of the Jewish hora is sprinkled in the middle of the movement as a wink before the closing bravura.

Tzvi Avni (b. Saarbrucken 1927)
     Tzvi Avni emigrated to Palestine in 1935 where he studied with Paul Ben-Haim and Abel Ehrlich. He later studied with Mordecai Seter and in the United States at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Studio and at Tanglewood. Since 1971 he has taught at the Jerusalem Rubin Academy of Music and Dance.
     His early works were influenced by the "Mediterranean" style of Ben-Haim but by the early '60's his style took in more advanced elements such as serialism and electronic music. Jewish mysticism left a mark on his musical style as tonal and more advanced non-tonal elements merge. His music has received many prizes including the ACUM Prize for his Epitaph (Sonata No.2) recorded here.
     Of the works recorded here, Epitaph (Sonata No.2) written between 1944 and 1979, owes the most to the Jewish liturgical tradition. This is so not merely because of its inspiration from the transcendental legend about the brook (synonymous with "fountain" of the title) and the heart of the world by the 18th Century Rabbi Nachman of Bratslav. In addition, unlike Bloch and Ben-Haim, where the use of Jewish modes is purely coloristic, Avni uses quasi-cantorial phrases with their pervasive augmented seconds and tritones as a crucial expressive and structural element. It is this, plus the slow-moving harmonies and ostinato rhythms, which creates a mystical sense of timelessness, perhaps closer to Scriabin than Messaien.
     While the colors are, like Bloch and Ben-Haim, reminiscent of French Impressionism, the overall vision is surely gazing upward towards the imponderable heavens. Much as the final movement of Visions and Prophecies, the majesty of the mountain and the slowly dissipating turbulence of the brook conflict with the very human warmth of the heart of the world. They gradually merge within the eternal harmony of God's universe. The work was written for Varda Nishry, who died in 1995.
     There is a mountain on which lies a rock and from the rock flows a fountain. Each thing in the world has a heart and the world in its entirety also has a heart. And the heart of the world has a perfect configuration, with a face and hands and feet and so on, yet even a toe-nail of the heart of the world is more heartsome than any other heart. And the mountain with its fountain stands at one edge of the world and on the other edge stands the heart of the world. And the heart is situated opposite the fountain and it longs to go to the fountain with deep yearning. And the longings of the heart and its yearnings for the fountain are very strong. And the heart cries out unceasingly in its great desire to go to the fountain. And the fountain also yearns with all its might for the heart of the world.
And the heart has twp weaknesses: one is caused by the crouching sun, and the other, by the strength of its yearning for the fountain, and by its prolonged crying and desire to go to the fountain. And when the heart tires and wishes to breathe deeply, a great bird comes and spreads its wings and shades it form the sun. Then the heart rests for a while, although even during its rest it does not take its eyes off the fountain and does not cease to yearn for it.
Yet if the heart yearns so for the fountain, why does it not go to it? Because should it attempt to go nearer to the mountain at the summit of which is the fountain, the summit of the mountain would vanish from its sight together with the fountain (this being the nature of a high mountain, that its summit may only be seen from a distance and vanishes when approached). And as soon as it loses sight of the fountain, the heart perishes, for its life depends on the fountain. And if the heart perishes, the world must perish, for its life and the life of each thing depends on the heart and without it the world cannot exist. Therefore the heart cannot go to the fountain but it only stands and calls to the fountain out of its great desire to go to it.
And the fountain has no duration of its own, for its existence is beyond time. How then does it exist in the world? It draws its temporal life from the heart which grants it a day as a gift. And when the day comes to its end the fountain will have no more duration and will vanish from the world. And when the fountain vanishes, so also will the heart vanish and with it the entire world. And when the day approaches its end, the heart and the fountain start preparing to part from one another. They sing wonderful songs to each other and set each other riddles with deep love and great yearning.
But the man of true grace watches over their deeds and when the day approaches its end, he presents the gift of a new day to the heart. And the heart gives the day as a fist to the fountain and thus the fountain once more has a temporal life.
From "The Story of the Seven Beggars" of Rabbi Nachman of Bratslav.

Arnold Schoenberg (b. Vienna 1874; d. Los Angeles 1951)
     Schoenberg's parents were of Hungarian-Jewish origin but Schoenberg converted to Lutheranism in 1898 while in Vienna. he was largely self-taught as both cellist and composer. In 1901 he moved to Berlin where he taught at the Stern Conservatory. He returned to Vienna in 1903 where he composed many works, almost always drawing a hostile reaction from the audience due to the advanced style. He also began his life-long association with his fellow composers Alban Berg and Anton Webern. By 1909 he had abandoned tonality and by 1920 had adopted his twelve-tone method of composition which has influenced composers to this day.
In 1933 he fled Berlin for France and reconverted to Judaism. He came to the United States soon after and spend much of his later years working on the opera Moses und Aron which remained unfinished at his death.
     While Arnold Schoenberg is predominantly recognized for his revolutionary break with tonality (Drei Klavierstucke of 1909 marks his break most distinctly), his musical personality was shaped by the Post-Romanticism of the late 19th Century. Schoenberg gradually turned the massive symphonic statements of Mahler and Bruckner into the minute and emotionally nuanced style known as Expressionism.
     Expressionism was found in all the arts, though not necessarily at the same juncture in time. It was rooted in the vastly unsettling dislocations — political, social and scientific — which grew as the century progressed, culminating in the Great War.
     The Jews perhaps felt this dichotomy between the decay of a world and its polished veneer more acutely owing to the shocks of deep-seated anti-Semitism upon the Emancipation. This caused many (Schoenberg among them) to convert from Judaism in an often vain attempt to maintain their professional lives. These pressures, felt by all creative people, were a major impetus towards the need to explore the deepest recesses of the soul and the contradictory and often ugly emotions which lay within.
     Schoenberg's Drei Klavierstucke op.11 display the full spectrum of emotions from the evanescent lyricism of the first to the warmth and longing of the second to the brutal violence of the third. What is more important, and typical of Schoenberg's works of this period, is the mingling of the contradictory emotions. In the third piece, a grandiose gesture will often be followed by a mocking rebuke. The opening lyricism of the first piece is, in its next manifestation, a taut chromatic line with a new and menacing counterpoint. The harsh violence of its next appearance gradually softens towards the final utterance which brings warmth, though it too evaporates at the close.

Stefan Wolpe (b. 1902; d. 1972)
     Stefan Wolpe has been recognized as one of the most important and influential composers of the second half of the Century. He grew up in the cultural and political turbulence of the Weimar Republic. He attended the Berlin Hochscule für Musk from 1919 to 1924. A major influence was his study of Neo-classicism with Ferruccio Busoni in 1920. Deeply involved in radical politics, Wolpe was also influenced by his associations with De Kooning, Klee and artists of the Bauhaus. Later in the '20's, the influences of jazz and Dadaism make their appearance. In 1933, Wolpe fled to Vienna where he studied with Webern for several months. From there, he emigrated to Palestine in 1934. While in Palestine, he absorbed Semitic traits into his music. Wolpe arrived in the United States in 1938, living primarily in New York. He was active as both teacher and composer and many of the major composers of the past two decades were deeply influenced by his teachings as well as his music.
     We have encountered images from the Old Testament, vistas from the land of Palestine, mystical visions of the Universe and the expressionistic exploration of the self. This compact disc concludes with Stefan Wolpe's celebration of the Jewish folk heritage in dance and song. Wolpe's Palestinian Notebook was written in 1939 upon his arrival in New York from Palestine. His friend and publisher Joseph Marx had urged Wolpe to create these vignettes which are arrangements of popular Palestinian songs and dances.
     At first glance, they seem an utter anomaly in the context of his avant-garde pursuits, but music of the people, whether proletarian, ethnic or jazz, was always a part of his life. Even in these modest works, however, Wolpe's personality and compositional skills shine forth. In the two Yemenite Dances, the characteristic rhythmic patterns of the outer dances and the chromatic line of the inner dance which hints at the quarter-tones of Yemenite singing are strikingly evoked. The tender melody of Wiegenlied is surrounded by a simple two-part counterpoint which is inverted upon second appearance before returning to the opening ordering. Wolpe's personality shines forth most in the witt of the Yiddische Hochzeit and the exuberance of the Hora. At the close of Yiddish Wedding, an extended ostinato pattern captures the crowd of celebrants teasingly awaiting the ritual breaking of the goblet by the groom and when it is broken shouting "mazel tov" (as Wolpe writes beneath the score's last measures). This element of wit, at times gently mocking, at times bitterly sardonic is present throughout his oeuvre from the simplest to the most complex works.
     It seems fitting that this compact disc should end on the lively note of the Hora — Israel's national dance. It also seems fitting that a celebration of Israel's 50th anniversary should conclude with music of such witty and affirmative emotions — surely central elements of the Jewish spirit and a major reason for its survival.

David Holzman

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